Explore the significance of the past in the play Long Days Journey Into Night by Eugene ONeill Essay Example for Free

Explore the significance of the past in the play Long Days Journey Into Night by Eugene ONeill Essay At the very start of Long Days Journey Into Night, ONeill sets the scene for the theme of the past being integral to the play directly with the dedication to the love and tenderness of his wife which gave me the faith in love that enabled me to face my dead at last and write this play write it with deep pity and understanding and forgiveness for all of the four haunted Tyrones. This admittance that the play was written as a sort of autobiography, a partial re- telling of ONeills personal history, means that it seems almost intrinsically connected to the past right from the beginning, the intimation from the author being that he wrote it as a form of catharsis in order to deal with the real events from his own life. Consequently the theme of the past is introduced before even the first Act has begun. The idea that he is facing his dead is a particularly apt one as at the time of writing the play, the people upon whom its characters are based ONeills family had all passed away some years before. His father, mother and elder brother Jamie are all portrayed in the same roles in the play as they had in real life, and with similar histories. The only alteration is that instead of the middle son being named Edmund, ONeill changes the babys name to his own, and calls it Eugene, having the fictional Edmund take the place of himself within the family. The main way in which the characters seem constantly to trap themselves in the past is through their constant blaming of the present upon past events. There is nothing in the present to which they do not attribute any blame, and none of them in any way seem to blame themselves for what has happened to them, preferring instead to blame each other. Consequently none of their conversations can be held without somehow referring to the past, as it is the past upon which they have built their relationships with each other. The relationship between Tyrone and Jamie for example is one in which Jamie blames Tyrone for his miserliness with his money, which he believes is what led to his mothers addiction to morphine, and her recent unhappiness which caused her to return to the drug. Tyrone blames his son for being an evil-minded loafer, and says thatsnotes he is responsible both for making nothing of his own life, and also for leading Edmund astray. In fact, the blame for these character defects does not lie within Tyrone or Jamie as personalities, but rather with the circumstances which caused these traits. For Jamie, his alcoholism and cynicism are largely to do with his discovery of his mothers drug addiction when he was younger it is made clear that prior to this discovery, Jamie was talented and enthusiastic, excelling at school and clearly liked by many people. He himself admits that the event had a large bearing on his life in just the same way that he has resorted to alcohol in order to purge himself of the same sort of knowledge about Edmund Christ, Id never dreamed before that any women but whores took dope! And then this stuff of you getting consumption. Its got me licked. Jamies cynicism clearly did not exist before he discovered that his mother used morphine, or at least not to the same degree, the fact that hed never dreamed of the idea effective in suggesting how completely distant it was from his mind and therefore how different his mind must have been from its present state of suspicion. The circumstance precipitating Tyrones miserliness were similarly ones which he himself did not contrive when he was only ten years old, his father abandoned the family and Tyrone was forced to go and find work, living a large part of his life in poverty. It is this which has made him so conservative with his money, and reluctant to expend more than is absolutely necessary, preferring to invest it in property, which he believes is the best way to keep it safe. The power of money over him is made particularly clear when the audience are told that, despite his obvious love of acting, he chose financial success over furthering his career, thereby ruining his chances of achieving his ultimate goals. This culture of blame without moving on from it, or attempting to understand the source of it is one of the key factors in preventing the family from escaping from their past rather every event in the present is related back to some previous action or accusation, without any hope of ever resolving it. This is encapsulated in Marys comment Its wrong to blame your brother. He cant help being what the past has made him. Any more than your father can. Or you. Or I. the idea that the whole family has been moulded by past events and cannotsnotes move on from them permeates every conversation, as they each hold the other somehow responsible for what has occurred and because they believe that they themselves should not be blamed for what they did, none of them will accept their portion of the responsibility, nor learn from what has happened. Throughout the play we see the same basic errors happening time and time again the nature of the tendency of each character to continually place blame for the present on something which another did in the past means that the occurrences of the past are constantly being bought forward into the present, and because no character will accept their blame, there seems to be no way to move forward into a future which is not largely concerned with what has happened before. What this ultimately leads to is a past which is largely cyclical. As no character will relinquish their grip on the past and what has happened before, by accepting blame from it, or learning from it, the same problems and occurrences repeat themselves. For example, Mary resumes taking her morphine, just as she had done before, and despite seeing the same signs leading up to it as before, the family, with the exception of Jamie, remain blind to it for some time. Tyrone is continually cheated out of money by McGuire, whose questionable skills as a property realtor hardly ever yield any profit to Tyrone himself and yet he does not learn from his past either, and continues to do the same thing at no gain to himself. Their sheer inability to take anything from the past, or to leave it alone, means that nothing in the play is occurring for the first time in a way, everything about the present in which the Tyrones are living is also the past. A quote from Mary The past is the present, isnt it? Its the future, too is particularly fitting to explain the way in which they are living. The structure of the novel echoes this confusion of times the play occurs all in the space of one day, and yet it deals with the problems both of the future and of the forty or so years previous. This idea that everything is simply a recurrence of something which has happened before -and what will continue to happen for the rest of time- is analogous to the title, in that everything could simply have happened in one Long Day, with the past, present and future simply merging into one twenty-four hour time periodsnotes Living ones life trapped in a repeating cycle of the past is not particularly conducive to being happy, as there is no real hope to look forward to when you are simply repeating the same things over and over again- as Jamie says, weary roads is right. Get you nowhere fast. Thats where Ive got-nowhere. Where everyone lands in the end, even if most of the suckers wont admit it, and so all of the characters have devised their own way of escaping, which controls the way in which they act throughout the play. For Jamie, the feeling that he hasnt actually achieved anything because he has never been able to move on is something that he only finally admits to when drunk, but which reveals the sense of hopelessness he feels from being stuck in a loop. Slightly later in the play he confides to Edmund Id begun to hope, if shed beaten the game, I could, too his hope that his mother had shrugged off her addiction, and that the future would no longer be a repetition of the past had been very important to him, as it offered a way out. However, that hope disappeared, and he resorted back to his usual escape of drinking alcohol, which is what he does for most of the duration of the play. Tyrone also drinks in order to escape the past, although unlike Jamie he also attempts to escape the repetition of the past by denying the fact that it is being repeated he refuses to recognise Marys symptoms until they are undeniably obvious, preferring to believe her lies rather than admit to what is going on. In that respect, he is unlike Jamie, whose cynicism prevents him from being able to overlook things as he chooses. Mary, however, does not attempt to escape the past in the same way that Jamie and Tyrone do, but prefers, though the use of morphine, to escape the present and return to the happiest phase of her life, during the early years of her marriage to Tyrone and her time at the convent, playing the piano. Reminders of the present, such as her hands, which have become unsightly due to rheumatoid arthritis, appal her, and as the play progresses and the morphine takes her over more and more, she regresses further and further back into the past. Her reaction to this re-living of the past is to attempt to return to her favoured part of it. Edmunds attempt to escape the past is most notable in that at one point, he actually did succeed during his time sailing, he says that he became drunk withsnotes the beauty and the singing rhythm of it, and for a moment I lost myself actually lost my life. I was set free!. The idea that he became drunk with it alludes to Tyrone and Jamies drunken attempts to escape the past, although where they used alcohol, it seems that he used nature he continues to refer to other occasions when he has felt free in a similar way, and all of them took place in a natural setting. For an audience, this liberation and sense of the natural world starkly contrasts with the three rooms and claustrophobic conversation in which the play is set, and so it is an excellent way to illustrate the total freedom which Edmund has attained. Edmund attempts to recreate this sensation by trying to express it through the use of poetry however, he says that he will never truly be able to express it how he would like to, saying that even what he just said was just stammering. Stammering is the native eloquence of us fog people, is the way in which Edmund describes his inability to describe the feeling this reference to fog people is particularly interesting as throughout the play, the fog is almost a symbol of the past. As the day wears on, the fog returns to cloud over the landscape around them, and so Marys illness returns to cloud over the present and send her further back into the past. This pathetic fallacy of the weather responding to Marys haziness in her own mind is also effective in creating the sense of claustrophobia which comes from being trapped in the same circumstances over and over again just as the fog can be very claustrophobic and hide everything else from view, so the past traps the family in and prevents them from seeing the present clearly. Edmund also suggests in that quote that the whole family are native fog people almost that there is something about the way in which they live which they cannot help, but which they are genetically programmed to do. This is curious because it is perhaps the most impartial opinion expressed by one of the characters, and entirely without blame on any one of them. This perceptiveness of Edmund and the ability to reflect from a distance on what is going on is perhaps due to the fact that he is acting as the authors representation of himself. Another role of the past in the play is that it motivates the creation of an atmosphere of censorship and non-admittance. The audience is slow to find out snotes about the exact nature of Marys illness, for example, because the characters do not want to talk about the worse aspects of what happened before, and so as a topic of conversation it is forbidden by unvoiced consent until eventually Jamie faces up to the fact that she seems to be returning to her old condition. This state of affairs seems to have come about as a form of resistance as if by not speaking about something, they will somehow avoid it happening again and be able to continue as normal. Similarly Mary and Edmund attempt to pretend, to varying degrees, that his illness is other than it is Mary by calling it a cold and dismissing it, and Edmund to a lesser extent by calling it Malaria, which is more easily cursed, and continuing to drink as if he were not at risk of damaging his health. It is clear that the family refuse to talk about quite a number of incidents and feelings things which only really come out when they are under the effect of either alcohol or morphine such as the death of Eugene and Marys incident on the dock in her nightgown, because such events unlock emotions and feelings which they have hidden in order to protect each other. Mary doesnt talk about how she blames Jamie for giving Eugene the measles, or how she blames Edmund for her drug addiction when she is in her right state of mind, because she realises that those aspects of the past are too hurtful. Tyrone attempts to prevent her from continuing to speak of them when she does begin, in case one of the boys should hear. Although the past is virtually all that is discussed, there are certain sections of it which the family attempt to bury behind them. The main occurrence of the play is the return of Marys illness her return to taking morphine, and other than this very little else actually physically happens to any of the characters during the play. That her illness is actually characterised by a return to the past is particularly important as regards the past as a theme behind the play. It is quite clear to the audience that what Mary is experiencing this return to her past is an actual physical illness, and that something is definitely wrong with her mind. This leads to the consideration that the whole familys return to the past could also be deemed an illness, and without the presence of Marys actual illness it would not be as easy to see that the frame of mind in which the Tyrones live is somehow unhealthy. Marys snotes regression into her past also serves to reveal a great deal of truths about the other characters in the play and what had happened to them before, as well as a number of the deeper-held secrets which the family usually did not discuss, such as Eugenes death and where the blame for it lies. That the rest of the family seem ashamed that Mary would make such an accusation and blame it on her mental instability, when they are perfectly happy to blame and accuse each other all the time is rather ironic, and so Marys illness serves to highlight the problems with the rest of the family and the way in which they function. In terms of the message of the play, and what the audience take away with them, it seems that the past is also of significance, in that the play is something of a warning as to what the consequences might be if people never moved on. Of course, it is therefore quite appropriate that ONeill wrote it as a part of his own moving on, and his own way of putting the past behind him. The ending of the play is almost anticlimactic in that it just finishes, with no conclusion or rounding-off of the story simply that the end of the day has been reached, and this too mirrors the idea that there is no end and therefore no past when the past is relived as if it is the present and the future, too. Of all the themes in the play, the past is by far the most significant of them all, not least because the author wrote it as a semi-autobiographical work. It is the driving force behind the way the characters act, the way they interact and the way in which the atmosphere deteriorates from a rather hopeful one at the beginning of the play into one rather devoid of hope at the end, as the Long Days Journey Into Night is completed, with Mary fully under the influence of the morphine and the other characters having apparently given up on her salvation and also their own conversation. The feeling of being trapped in the past what ONeill was attempting to get rid of by facing his dead and writing it all down as a work of fiction dominates the atmosphere of the play, without which the power of the piece would be lost.

Justice as Defined by Augustine and Aristotle Essay -- The City of God

Justice as Defined by Augustine and Aristotle â€Å"Justice removed, then, what are kingdoms but great bands of robbers?† (Augustine, The City of God against the Pagans, p. 147[1]). Augustine makes quite a claim here. The presence or absence of â€Å"justice,† he implies, can make or break a great kingdom. What is this justice that Augustine speaks of? Is it the philosopher kings that define Plato’s â€Å"just city[2],† or perhaps Aristotle’s â€Å"good life[3]†? Augustine approaches the challenge of defining justice in a different, but not necessarily contradictory way, than his predecessors. In The City of God against the Pagans, man’s relationship with justice is only secondary; for Augustine, justice is about God. The title of his book alone reveals that Augustine is deeply religious. Rarely in City of God is there a discussion that does not have divine elements or references, and his discussion of justice is no exception. For Augustine, justice seems to be the combination of two things: recognition by man of his place in the world below God, and strict (or as strict as possible by a mortal) observance of God’s laws. The second part is actually the easier one of the two to examine. Man is simply supposed to follow the teachings professed in Christianity’s religious texts to the best of his ability. The interpretation of the correct ways to follow those laws is another matter, but one that Augustine pays little attention to. Augustine’s attention is focused rather on man’s recognition of his place below God, and in a greater sense, on man’s respect for God. â€Å"†¦impeded by [man’s] own humility†¦especially when the divine providence justly resisted their pride, so that it might show by comparison with them that i... ...ry opinion would favor Aristotle, and I am inclined to agree. Aristotle’s secular, capitalist-tolerant view seems like it would jive more with today’s society than would Augustine’s deeply religious near-asceticism. In America, we live in a world of material possessions and manage to live better than citizens of any other nation, and most would agree we are not living in a world of sin or on the edge of turmoil. Then again, some would. Personally, I envision justice as a combination between ambition and moderation—right down Aristotle’s alley. In addition, I appreciate Aristotle’s optimism and faith in us mortals, optimism not as present in Augustine’s vision. [1] Augustine. The City of God against the Pagans. Trans. R. W. Dyson. Cambridge, 1998. [2] Plato’s Republic [3] Aristotle’s Politics [4] Aristotle. Politics. Trans. Ernest Barker. Oxford: 1995.

Lather and Nothing Else and the Possibility of Evil

British Baptist Preacher Charles Spurgeon once said, â€Å"Beware of no man more than of yourself; we carry our worst enemies within us. † By reading â€Å"Lather and Nothing Else,† â€Å"The Possibility of Evil† and through one’s one personal struggles this quote is found to be true. Everyone faces struggles with themselves. It is yourself that is your own enemy because your mind is what creates your fears, goals and weaknesses not someone else. The story â€Å"Lather and Nothing Else† talks about a barber who must decide to be either a hero or a murderer. The Possibility of Evil† deals with the evil that lies beneath the peaceful surface of a small town. In both stories topics including integrity, honesty, morals, values and work ethic are dealt with Characters in both stories encounter struggle or conflict, but something is learned through this struggle. First of all, the story â€Å"Lather and Nothing Else† deals with inner struggle . The main character, the barber, is secretly a member of the resistance against the government. The conflict is introduced when Captain Torres, an executioner, walks into the barber’s shop to get shaved. That gives the barber an opportunity to kill him and become a hero. The main character then becomes very conflicted. If he decides to kill Cpt. Torres he could escape to another country, but he would still have to live with the fact that he killed someone and that feeling would haunt him for the rest of his life. The barber debated the situation in his head. Perhaps he believed killing someone would lower himself to the captain’s level. The main character came to the decision that he would not kill the captain. The barber believed he did his work honorably and didn’t want to stain his hands with blood. To each his own. That’s the way it is. To each his own. † The lesson the author intends the readers to learn is to always weigh out the pros and cons before making a difficult choice in life. Next, â€Å"The Possibility of Evil† demonstrates the sense of morality very well. Mrs. Strangeworth is an elderly lady who lives in Pleasant Town. She had lived there for a long time and believed it was her job to protect her town. She wrote anonymous letters to people spreading false rumors and wrote about people’s flaws and sent them to different citizens of that town. She believed that by sending these letters she was getting rid of the evil in her town. The struggles in this story is person vs. society because one can tell by reading this story that deep down in that old lady’s heart, she loathed the people in her town. She dealt with her struggle by writing secret letters about people and posting them. In the end her most prized possessions, her roses, were destroyed by a man after finding out she was the one sending the letters. The lesson readers take away from this story is what goes around comes around, any actions, good or bad, will have a consequence. Finally, I, myself, have gone through many struggles throughout my life. One of my biggest struggles is when I spent three weeks living on a military base. I only got a chance to leave the base once and that was to do community service but I still had to wear my combat uniform. They woke us up at 5:00 AM every morning, taken for a one hour jog and trained until 6:30 in the evening. We got a 1. 5 hour break and had to be back in our barracks by 9:00 PM. We would then polish our boots for a half hour then went to bed. They would play The Last Post at 10 PM every night and â€Å"Reveille† on the bugle every morning at 5. I struggled a lot with the schedule, home sickness and during a injury to my ankle from a Biathlon I competed in. I was so fed up with everything and just wanted to go home. I got through it because of all the amazing people that were there. The girls I shared a room with were all used to this because they have done it before. They really talked me through it and took me around the base and made it fun for me. The officers, padres and doctors there were also really supportive. There was always someone there for me to talk to. The people I met there ended up becoming my second family. I believe the lesson I learned from that experience is that it doesn’t matter who you are with or where you may be, there really is no place at home. In conclusion, as to what was stated in the introduction, everyone faces struggles with themselves. In â€Å"Lather and Nothing Else† the barber struggles with himself, he doesn’t want to be a killer but killing Captain Torres could potentially save many other lives. In â€Å"The Possibility of Evil† the ain conflict I person vs. society, however, the woman also struggles with herself. She hated the people in her town and dealt with it by sending anonymous letters to citizens about their flaws or accused them of things they may not be guilty for. In a way, she’s destroying her own town by breaking the reliance people have in each other. Also, in my own struggle I was homesick and confused. I dea lt with situation I never would have imagined beforehand. As one can see, lessons were learned through struggles by both characters in these stories and through my own experiences.

Meme Concept in Communication - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1259 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2018/12/27 Category Sociology Essay Type Research paper Level High school Did you like this example? Outstanding technological shifts have characterized the last three decades. They have transformed the world. One of the most significant technological advancement was the foundation of the internet, a system that fundamentally modified human interaction. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Meme Concept in Communication" essay for you Create order The development of the internet made it simpler for people to interact with another and the widespread adoption of the internet additionally revolutionized human communication. One far-reaching and prevalent culture that has developed as a result of easier communication is the use of memes. A meme is a conception, technique or custom that escalates from one person to another with the purpose of sending a particular meaning or idea represented by the meme. The spread of memes has significantly shaped how people communicate, and they have played a fundamental role in advancing the contemporary digital culture. Memes provide a compelling new way of blending a few things such as art, creativity, humor and the intended message. One of the central ideas used in the development of memes is the use of symbolism. According to Porter, symbolism points to the use of figures to pass an opinion from one person to the other (Porter 2013). Modern memes have attained unproportioned success, and this is a factor attributed to the ability of the individual memes to use symbols that people in the digital culture can relate to something else. A case in point, the United States government, back rolled an internet privacy legislation established by the Obama administration and the United States population took to the internet to express their disappointment (K. a. Bajpai 2017). Smeagol or Gollum was one of the characters used in the viral memes. He is an infamous character in the film Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit. The meme is captioned Your Browsing History We Needsss It mimicking how Smagol talks, but there is a deeper meaning to this particular meme. The person behind the creation of this meme would have used any other character, but they chose to use Smagol who is an essential figure in the digital culture as he helps to convey specific ideas. In the film The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit Smeagol is portrayed as destructive and contemptuous in that he tries to eat Bilbo a fellow hobbit only since he needs something to eat and raw fish are entirely his everyday meal (Chen 2012). This is an idea that is conveyed in the meme relating to internet privacy. The law that was reverted prevented internet providers from selling a persons internet history and cookies to third parties. By regressing this bill, Congress and the internet service providers showed nothing but contempt for their subscribers, as they disregard the importance of internet privacy to their consumers. Internet service providers pushed for reconsideration of the initially instituted law preventing the sale of a persons internet browsing history to third parties. Co ngress decided to roll back the bill to the previous legislation, and the internet community chose to use Smeagol to highlight the disdainful nature of internet service providing companies in America. A different meme that was used to highlight discontent among the American digital users was captioned Tracking my cookies? They will never receive my recipe! This particular meme is very detailed in the use of symbolism and humor to convey a specific message. Internet users would not want their browsing history to be sold to third parties without their consent. Numerous approaches can be employed to attain this aim, and one of the ways that ensure that an individuals browsing history is not recorded is by browsing the internet in incognito mode (Horsman 2017). By browsing in incognito mode, a person has their true identity concealed, and this makes it harder for internet providing organizations to track an individuals online activity (K. a. Bajpai 2017). This meme uses an old woman who has a problem with her eyesight to highlight how internet users intend to complicate the acquisition of a persons browsing history by using their cookies. The meme uses humor to spread the idea that ev en though internet service providers treat their consumers with contempt, they are prepared to employ an array of approaches that will frustrate the proposed changes. Some similarities can be drawn from these two memes, and one of the shared similarity is that they use images to ease information sharing, and the pictures used have a distinct theme which is buttressed by the use of short sentences. In the first meme, Smeagol is used to portray the subject of contempt of Congress and internet service providers. The second meme advances the theme of resistance against approaches employed by internet service providers to acquire the browsing history of their clients without their consent and the sell it to third parties. These two themes highlight that even though the government and internet service providers have disregarded their consumers with the introduction the new law, internet users are resolved to frustrate their efforts by not providing any browsing history and this is achievable by browsing the internet in disguised mode. These two memes present cultural symbols, social ideas and they are captioned with photos that are intended to be funny as a way of ridiculing human behavior. In conclusion, it is manifest that one sweeping culture that has emerged as a result of easier communication is the use of memes. A meme is a creative suggestion, behavior or practice that spreads from one person to another with the aim of sending a particular meaning or purpose portrayed by the meme. Based on the two examples highlighted in this case it is manifest that memes provide a powerful, and innovative way of combining a few things such as art, creativity, humor to convey a specific message. The success of memes in expressing particular ideas can be used by different enterprises such as businesses to market new products as they tend to be cheaper and they can reach a large group of people in a short of time due to their virality. Nonetheless, research needs to be conducted to empirically establish the possibility of using memes to promote a new product and the success rate of memes as a marketing alternative. Based on the above discussion, it is clear that the spread of mem es has significantly shaped how people interact, and they have performed a fundamental role in developing the modern digital culture. Bibliography Bajpai, Kartikeya and Klaus Weber. 2017. Privacy in public: Translating the category of privacy to the digital age. In? From Categories to Categorization: Studies in Sociology, Organizations and Strategy at the Crossroads. In Privacy in public: Translating the category of privacy to the digital age. In? From Categories to Categorization: Studies in Sociology, Organizations and Strategy at the Crossroads, by Kartikeya and Klaus Weber Bajpai, 223-258. Emerald Publishing Limited. Bajpai, Kartikeya, and Klaus Weber. 2017. . Privacy in public: Translating the category of privacy to the digital age. In? From Categories to Categorization: Studies in Sociology, Organizations and Strategy at the Crossroads. In . Privacy in public: Translating the category of privacy to the digital age. In? From Categories to Categorization: Studies in Sociology, Organizations and Strategy at the Crossroads, by Kartikeya, and Klaus Weber Bajpai, 223-258. Emerald Publishing Limited. Chen, Carl. 2012. The creation and meaning of internet memes in 4chan: Popular internet culture in the age of online digital reproduction. Accessed December 1, 2017. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/cdfe/5d41d45a2453d8177e87a2a766068535ee12.pdf. Horsman, Graeme. 2017. A process-level analysis of private browsing behavior: A focus on Google Chromes Incognito mode. May 4. Accessed December 1, 2017. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7916513/?reload=true. Porter, David. 2013. Internet culture. Routledge.