Wilma Mankiller Cherokee Chief, Activist, Feminist

Known for: first woman elected chief of the Cherokee NationDates: November 18, 1945 - April 6, 2010Occupation: activist, writer, community organizerAlso known as: Wilma Pearl Mankiller Born in Oklahoma, Mankillers father was of Cherokee ancestry and her mother of Irish and Dutch ancestry. She was one of eleven siblings. Her great-grandfather was one of the 16,000 who had been removed to Oklahoma in the 1830s in what has been called the Trail of Tears. The Mankiller family moved from Mankiller Flats to San Francisco in the 1950s when a drought forced them to leave their farm. She began attending college in California, where she met Hector Olaya, whom she married when she was eighteen. They had two daughters. At college, Wilma Mankiller was becoming involved in the movement for Native American rights, particularly in raising funds for activists who had taken over Alcatraz prison and also became involved in the womens movement. After completing her degree and getting a divorce from her husband, Wilma Mankiller returned to Oklahoma. Pursuing more education, she was injured on the drive from the University in an accident that injured her so seriously that it was not certain she would survive. The other driver was a close friend. She then was stricken for a time with myasthenia gravia. Wilma Mankiller became a community organizer for the Cherokee Nation and was notable for her ability to win grants. She won an election as Deputy Chief of the 70,000 member Nation in 1983 and replaced the Principal Chief in 1985 when he resigned to take a federal position. She was elected in her own right in 1987 -- the first woman to hold that position. She was re-elected again in 1991. In her position as chief, Wilma Mankiller oversaw both social welfare programs and tribal business interests and served as a cultural leader. She was named Ms. Magazines Woman of the Year in 1987 for her achievements.  In 1998, President Clinton awarded Wilma Mankiller the Medal of Freedom, the highest honor given to civilians in the United States. In 1990, Wilma Mankillers kidney problems likely inherited from her father who died of kidney disease, led to her brother donating a kidney to her. Wilma Mankiller continued in her position as Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation until 1995 During those years, she also served on the board of the Ms. Foundation for Women, and wrote fiction. Having survived several serious illnesses, including kidney disease, lymphoma, and myasthenia gravis, and a major automobile accident earlier in her life, Mankiller was stricken with pancreatic cancer and died April 6, 2010. Her friend, Gloria Steinem, had excused herself from participation in a womens studies conference to be with Mankiller in her illness. Family, Background Mother: Irene MankillerFather: Charlie MankillerSiblings: four sisters, six brothers Education Skyline College, 1973San Francisco State College, 1973-1975Union for Experimenting Colleges and Universities, B.A., 1977University of Arkansas, 1979 Marriage, Children husband: Hector Hugo Olaya de Bardi (married  November  1963, divorced 1975; accountant)children:Felicia Marie Olaya, born 1964Gina Irene Olaya, born 1966husband: Charlie Soap (married October 1986; rural development organizer)Religion: PersonalOrganizations: Cherokee Nation

Conjugating the French Verb Déménager (to Move House)

In French, the noun  nouvelle maison  means new house. When moving to that new house, the verb   dà ©mà ©nager  is used. Literally to move, this verb must be conjugated when using it in the past, present, or future tense.   Conjugating the French Verb  Dà ©mà ©nager Dà ©mà ©nager  is a  spelling change verb  and that makes it a bit of a challenge to conjugate. It follows a pattern found in other verbs that end in -ger  such as  bouger  (to move). As you will see, in some conjugations an E is added after the G. This is to retain the soft G sound before an ending that begins with an A or O. Other than that, conjugating  dà ©mà ©nager  is relatively simple. To transform it, pair the subject pronoun with the appropriate tense. For instance, I move is je dà ©mà ©nage and we will move is nous dà ©mà ©nagerons. Subject Present Future Imperfect je dmnage dmnagerai dmnageais tu dmnages dmnageras dmnageais il dmnage dmnagera dmnageait nous dmnageons dmnagerons dmnagions vous dmnagez dmnagerez dmnagiez ils dmnagent dmnageront dmnageaient The Present Participle of  Dà ©mà ©nager The  present participle  of  dà ©mà ©nager  is  dà ©mà ©nageant.  It is not just a verb, but can also act as an adjective, gerund, or noun in some circumstances. The Past Participle and Passà © Composà © Beyond the imperfect, the  passà © composà ©Ã‚  is another common way to express the past tense in French. To form this, begin by conjugating the  auxiliary verb  avoir  to the subject pronoun. Then, add the  past participle  dà ©mà ©nagà ©. For instance, I moved is jai dà ©mà ©nagà © and we moved is nous avons dà ©mà ©nagà ©. More Simple  Dà ©mà ©nager  Conjugations to Know The most important conjugations to study are those above. There are also times when you will need to know a few more simple forms of  dà ©mà ©nager. For instance, if the action of moving is somehow questionable, you might employ either the subjunctive or the conditional verb moods. In rare instances and most often in writing, you may also encounter the passà © simple or the imperfect subjunctive. While not vital to most students French studies, its a good idea to be able to recognize these. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je dmnage dmnagerais dmnageai dmnageasse tu dmnages dmnagerais dmnageas dmnageasses il dmnage dmnagerait dmnagea dmnaget nous dmnagions dmnagerions dmnagemes dmnageassions vous dmnagiez dmnageriez dmnagetes dmnageassiez ils dmnagent dmnageraient dmnagrent dmnageassent In the imperative verb form,  dà ©mà ©nager  can be used in short and often assertive commands or requests. When using it, skip the subject pronoun: use  dà ©mà ©nage rather than tu dà ©mà ©nage. Imperative (tu) dmnage (nous) dmnageons (vous) dmnagez

Definition of Education Essay - 689 Words

Definition of Education Education what is it? It is defined as: 1. The act or process of educating or being educated. 2. The knowledge or skill obtained or developed by a learning process. 3. A program of instruction of a specified kind or level. 4. The field of study that is concerned with the pedagogy of teaching and learning, according to the American Heritage dictionary. Its etymology comes from the Latin word educatio which means to bring up1 But what does that tell us. It says to me that education is training not learning. Education trains the youth into what society deems as a productive member. We are not educated to seek out what our interests are . We are educated so we can produce things. The age of†¦show more content†¦It is stated nowhere. Education should be about becoming enlightened to the works of the world. I am not saying becoming a lawyer or a business person is wrong or inimical. What I am saying is being a artist or philosopher is just as advantageous. In fact art and philosophy should be made standard issue in schools. We all need to know how to think for ourselves. This is not an easy thing to accomplish, we would need more money for schools in order to pay for teachers and materials. This would not completely solve the problem however. We must change the way we think and take control of ourselves. It is essential that we not be lead blindly. It is time that we hold people accountable for their actions. No longer are we be to lead by people just because they belong to a political party that we belong to. Instead we must be independent in our thoughts. Most importantly education should be a tool not a crutch. Education is defined in many ways, however, they all mean the same thing. To be formed into the mold of a productive worker. What does this do for the world? Nothing, it creates another mindless drone to carry out the work of its master. The people in power do not want this to change because it serves their purposes. We must change or over time we will lose our ability to think for ourselves. Then we are truly dammed to subservience. What type of life could that ever be? A life in which we could notShow MoreRelatedAdult Education : Definition And Definition1649 Words   |  7 Pages PART 1-ESSAYS ADULT EDUCATION What is the definition of â€Å"adult education†? Well, a lot of adults are returning to the classroom (such as myself) that the term adult education has become somewhat perplexing. Adult education in the broad sense is any form of learning adults engage in beyond traditional schooling. In the slightest sense, adult education is about reading ability and learning to read the most basic materials. So adult education incorporates everything from basic learning to personalRead MoreThe Definition And The Purpose Of Education1484 Words   |  6 Pagesanalyses the definition and the purpose of education. I first define education as a particularly social activity through the integration from different views. Then I introduce the education in China, in the process of quality education reform, which can be taken as a shift from the utilization of education. The current situation, however, is unsatisfactory and problematic because the reform seems to be just a formality. Partially as a solution to this, I describe the purpose of education to focus onRead MoreThe Textbook Definition Of Education862 Words   |  4 PagesDefining Education The textbook definition of education is â€Å"the act or process of imparting or acquiring general knowledge†(Dictionary.com). While everyone has their own personal definition and view on what receiving an education means, some people are more cynical than others and that could be due to the kind of training they received or didn’t. Two famous figures see education in a positive light due to the injustice they felt when they received an education, but really could not use it dueRead MoreDefinition And Purpose Of Education1668 Words   |  7 PagesIt is perhaps misleading to refer to a singular meaning and purpose of education. Instead, as this essay will show, the meanings ascribed to it vary considerably, dependent on the positionality of the speaker and their sociocultural context. ‘Education’ itself is a highly contested term, and so the answer to the question posed is necessarily a complex one. Educational systems, as part of the structure of a so ciety, derive much of their character from it. They aid in the transmission of knowledgeRead MoreDefinition Of Requirements And Education996 Words   |  4 PagesOccupation Description Requirements and Education Education requirements for logisticians are of normal terms in today’s time. It is preferred that logisticians obtain a bachelor’s degree through an accredited university. Some associate’s degrees may quality, although those holding degrees of higher levels of education have the upper hand (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2015). Different fields that you can receive degrees in include: business, management, computing, and information systems. All ofRead MoreDefinition Of Philosophy Of Education Essay1620 Words   |  7 PagesPhilosophy of Education Today’s classrooms are becoming more diverse, â€Å"with growing linguistic and cultural diversity in today’s classrooms, as well as different social expectations for education, the teacher preparation process is becoming increasingly demanding and challenging† (Cooper and He, p. 89). In addition, these teacher candidates and teachers themselves need to provide expertise beyond their training, â€Å"to provide support in areas beyond content expertise and pedagogical knowledge† (CooperRead MoreDefinition Of Curriculum For Education Curriculum906 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Curriculum has many definitions in the realm of education. Some people view curriculum as a specific structure of assignments and standards that must be mastered by all students while others view curriculum as a means to an end result. Ornstein and Hunkins (2013) define curriculum as being several different things: a plan for achievement, based on student schema, a way to handle others, a program of study, and content based on levels. It is interesting to read a text written specificallyRead MoreDefinition Of Open Education Resources1781 Words   |  8 PagesDefinition of Open Education Resource (OER) Open Education Resources (OERs) are resources such as tutorials, documents, videos, live streaming videos, lecture notes, tests, assignments, quizzes and activities. OERs assist teachers in providing interesting and innovative lessons to students of all grades. It also provides education to students of all ages and all sectors. The key point of OERs is that they are in the global public domain and anyone can access them free. (JISC. Lou McGill, 2014). OERsRead MoreDefinition Of General Education Requirement1142 Words   |  5 PagesGeneral Education Requirement Economists must make basic assumptions to model consumer’s behavior in many cases, especially when looking at the quantity of beer that individual households will demand. There are a few components that economists have to consider when makings these assumptions the consumer has clear preferences, there is a budget constraint, prices, and rational behavior. Economists have to consider these variables because every household is different and these considerations affectRead MoreDefinition essay : Education and personal development953 Words   |  4 Pagesanswer that question to some extents by defining two terms â€Å"education† and â€Å"personal development†. Education in its general sense is a form of learning in which the knowledge, skills, and habits of a group of people are transferred from one generation to the next through teaching, training, or research. Education frequently takes place under the guidance of others, but may also be self-learning (Wikipedia). Dictionary.com defines education as a process of acquiring general knowledge, promoting the

Nature Vs Nurture Environment Essay - 2164 Words

NATURE VS NURTURE[ENVIRONMENT] Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors. – John B. Watson. Generally, using the terms nature and nurture as a suitable catch-phrase for the roles of genetics and environment in human and animal development dates way back to 13th century France. Some scientists feel that people act according to genetic inclinations or animal instincts. This is the nature theory of human behavior. Other scientists suggest that people reason and act in certain ways because they are taught to do so. This is the nurture theory of human behavior. The increasing understanding of the human genome has made it clear that both parties of the controversy have merit. Nature gives us inborn abilities and traits and it takes these genetic propensities and molds them as we learn and develop . The nature vs environment† argument is still on, as scientists debate over how much of who we are is shaped by genes and how much by the environment. Nature The human genome has been proven to determine the different traits that we have, majorly on the physical characters like eye color, hair color, ear size, height, andShow MoreRelatedNature Vs Nurture : Environment Essay2137 Words   |  9 PagesINTRODUCTION NATURE VS NURTURE[ENVIRONMENT] Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors. – John B. Watson. Generally, using the terms nature and nurture as a suitableRead MoreNature vs Nurture: Genes vs Environment1174 Words   |  5 Pagesquote remains a mystery. Appearance is in nature and character is nurtured. Which one is more dominant on the other is a question waiting to be answered. The widely explored nature vs. nurture debate is best examined by looking at, hereditary implications, environmental factors and their interdependency. Hereditary factors play an integral part in developing persons’ physical traits, emotional traits and social etiquettes. The nature/nurture debate will be explored further using theseRead More Nature vs Nurture: Genes vs Environment Essay1490 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction A debate between psychologist, scientists and philosopher thinkers on the spectrum of ‘nature vs. nurture’ arose concerning human development. In the nature versus nurture debate, the term nature refers to the genes we inherit while the term nurture refers to our outside environment (Nature vs. Nurture: Twin and Adoption Studies). This debate of ‘nature vs. nurture’ has existed for centuries and up to now it is still a topic of major discussion although at present time. Human developmentRead MoreNature vs Nurture: Genes vs Environment Essay995 Words   |  4 PagesIn trying to understand human behavior, professionals for centuries have looked at the nature vs. nurture theory. While it is known that the physical traits such of eye or hair color have to do with nature, some strongly believe that genes play a part in the way we behave such as in personality and intelligence and others believe that we behave a certain way solely due to our environment. Profe ssor Jerome Kagan, from Harvard opened up a brand new world and offers a deeper understanding for theRead MoreEssay on Nature vs Nurture: Genetics vs Environment1617 Words   |  7 Pagesbiological or genetic factor of violent/criminal or aggressive behavior is certainly a much talked about topic. The idea that certain individuals could be predisposed to violence is something definitely deserving of doing research about. The nature vs. nurture topic has been a continuing debate for many aspects of human behavior, including aggression/violent behavior and criminal behavior. There have been many studies indicating that chemical relationships between hormones and the frontal lobe ofRead MoreEssay on Nature vs Nurture: Genetics vs Environment710 Words   |  3 Pageshow much your personality is the result of your genetic makeup, and how much is the result of the environment? The nature-nurture question is one of the oldest issues in psychology. This question is applicable to identica l twins. They are the same age, same-sex, have the same genes, live in the same house, share same stuff, given identical presents, so in other words, they share the same environment from birth. The researcher tends to know if identical twins really share the same personality. Read MoreNature vs Nurture: Genes vs Environment Essay example555 Words   |  3 Pagestakes our minds to much further levels. The controversy is whether inherited genes or the environment influences and affects our personality, intelligence, behavior, development and abilities. This controversy is most often recognized as the â€Å"Nature vs. Nurture† conflict. Some people believe that it is strictly genes that affect our ways of live and how we are, while others believe that it is the environment that affects us, and some believe that both of these influence our behavior. Either way, scientistsRead MoreNature vs. Nurture: Parents or Environment Essay example571 Words   |  3 Pagesthe environment, many people debate whether an individual is mostly influenced by genetics or influenced by their environment. A person’s environment can have multiple influences, but the genes passed down by parents play a huge role in developing how their offspring will turn out to be. Being unable to properly test whether certain characteristics of a person come from genetics or the influences of the environment makes this theory very difficult to understand, thus making the topic of nature vsRead MoreNature vs Nurture: Genetics vs Environment Essay972 Words   |  4 Pagesclassic debated topic of Nature versus Nurture has been and will always be a quarrelsome subject in the scientific world. Meaning, the issue of the level to which environment and heredity sway behavior and development in a person. Nature can be defined as, behaviors due to heredity. This means the behaviors is based on the inherited makeup of an individual and is an influence of the growth and development of that individuals’ all through life. On the other hand nurture is causes of behaviors thatRead MoreNature vs Nurture: Genes vs Environment Essay1285 Words   |  6 Pagesgender identity develops, through the conditioning of our environments. The most influential factor of gender d evelopment, however, is still a very controversial issue. An analysis of the gender identification process reveals two main arguments in what factor most greatly contributes to gender development: biology differences (nature) or the environment (nurture). The first main factor that is said to influence gender is biology. â€Å"Nature doesn’t give a flea’s hind leg for our social theories, fads

The Constitution Of The United States - 987 Words

In our society today, we have many rights that are guaranteed to us by the Constitution. In the setting of the book 1984 written by George Orwell most if not all of an individual’s rights have been taken away by the government. Without the rights that we are guaranteed by the Constitution, the people cannot have individual freedom or any freedom at all. The lack of freedom also makes a functional democracy impossible. In the Constitution of the United States there are twenty-seven amendments that guarantee the people certain rights that the government cannot legally take away or violate. The first of those amendments, which is possibly the most important out of all the amendments states, â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances† (Constit ution). This makes sure that the people and the press has the right of speech. As shown by Orwell, without the right of free speech almost all of a person’s basic freedom. The people are restricted to say what the government wants them to say and if the say otherwise there are serious consequences. This takes the ability of a person to act on their own away and helps ensure that the government will stay in control. The first amendment also applies to the press. If the press isn’t free to report the truth and theyShow MoreRelatedThe United States Constitution And The Constitution Essay1491 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States Constitution, this very detailed group of words was written in 1787, but it did not take effect until after it was ratified in 1789, when it replaced the Articles of Confederation. It remains the basic law of the United States then and till the present day of 2016. The first state to ratify the Constitution was Delaware; the last of the original thirteen to ratify was Rhode Island and since only nine were required, this was two years after it went into effect. When the U.S. ConstitutionRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States Constitution Essay1185 Words   |  5 Pages(framers’ of the U.S. Constitution) position on the Presidency: The framers experienced the abuse of the English monarchs and their colonial governors. As a result, the framers were skeptical of the excessive executive authority. Furthermore, they also feared excessive legislative powers. This was something that the Articles of Confederation had given their own state legislatures. The framers of the constitution deliberately fragmented power between the national government, the states, and among the executiveRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States885 Words   |  4 Pages In 1787, our founding fathers came up with a few principles that would establish what we now know as the United States of America. These principles were put on paper to serve as a guideline for how the United States would be operated and structured. This historical piece paper became known as the Constitution of the United States. In the Constitution, a Preamble is implemented at the beginning that essentially tells what the founding fathers set out to do. â€Å"We The People, in order to form a moreRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States894 Words   |  4 Pagesthe substratum for that country. A Constitution can be defined as a document that is the substratum of the country’s principles. Elements in the Constitution may contain sundry information. Which can include: how many terms a leader may serve, what rights the citizens have, how the judicial system works, etc. The United States in no different from those countries. Every constitution is different, no country has the exact constitution as another. The U.S Constitution is a four-page document detailingRead MoreThe United States Constitution Essay1515 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States constitution was written in 1787 by the founding fathers of this country. Now it might be appropriate to question why a document that is the basis of the government for one of the most culturally and racially diverse countries in the world, was written by a group of heterosexual, cisgender, rich, white men. Some might think that a constitution written well over 200 years ago would be outdated and irrelevant to the American society of today but with some research, it is quite theRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States756 Words   |  4 PagesPromulgation and Legislation in the U.S. Constitution: The federal system of government of the United States is based on its constitution. The Constitution grants all authority to the federal government except the power that is delegated to the states. Each state in the United States has its own constitution, local government, statute, and courts. The Constitution of the United States sets the judiciary of the federal government and defines the extent of the federal court’s power. The federalRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States1007 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States of America has previously experienced failure every now and then. With trial and error, the country has learned to correct its ways and move toward(s) perfecting itself. Realizing the ineffectiveness of the Articles of Confederation is a prime example of the U.S. learning how to better itself. Subsequent to the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution of the United States was set as our new and improved framework of government. Possessing knowled ge on how America, although strongRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States951 Words   |  4 Pageshappening again. Unlike the artifacts, The Constitution of the United States has not been forgotten, it is actually still very alive today. Unlike most relics, The Constitution still holds a very heroic and patriotic implication, freedom. With freedom comes self-government, freedom of speech, religious tolerance, etc. With all these things comes the great responsibility to adapt and fit to the wants and needs of the decade. Even though the Constitution was made for the interests of the people ofRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States1338 Words   |  6 Pages The Constitution is the basis of law in The United States and has been since it was written in 1789. Since then it has been amended 27 times with the first ten amendments collectively known as the Bill of Rights. The US Constitution was preceded by the Articles of Confederation and supported by the Federalist Papers which we will touch more on later. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson all wrote or influenced The Constitution in a very important way. Alexander HamiltonRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States1388 Words   |  6 PagesInterpretation of the Constitution is one of the biggest conflicts within the United States–the highly contentious issue of states’ rights resulted from two different interpretations of what powers should belong to the federal government versus what powers belong to the individual states. No issue has ever caused as much turmoil as the issue of states’ rights–but one side must have more v alid arguments. Should the federal government’s power be superior, or should the authority of the individual states be held

What Is Scepticism free essay sample

What is Scepticism? Is Methodological Scepticism different? The philosophical term Scepticism can simplistically be described as the challenging of established knowledge, principles, assumptions and beliefs in philosophy, science and theology (Kisner, 2005) Scepticism is based on the fact that with enough skill, any argument can sound convincing However, like most other philosophical constructs the notion is a lot more complex and often ambiguous, particularly upon examination of Rene Descartes and his idea of methodological Scepticism. Methodological Scepticism is an approach that removes all prior beliefs and knowledge in attempt to find further knowledge (William 1999). There are distinct differences between Scepticism and methodological Scepticism. This paper sets out to highlight these differences by firstly providing a working definition of Scepticism. The paper will then delve into the concept of methodological skepticism followed by a discussion into key differences. The basic working presupposition of Scepticism is that all knowledge is limited, if not, unattainable and can be applied to everything in the universe and consciousness. In order to help understand it is important to delve into the historical context of its uprising. The foundations of Scepticism can be credited back to the early works of Pyrho of Ellis (360-272 BC) and Sextus Empiricus (2nd and 3rd Century AD). Largely in response to the dogmatic philosophies and the epistemologies of certain philosophies, I. e. Aristotelian, Epicurean and stocicim ( William 1999), philosophical skepticism aimed to study the nature of knowledge by asking questions such as how can one know? Of what can be One certain? (Kubitz 1939). Knowledge and truth had previously been unchallenged as they were primarily based on religious beliefs, and/or the observations and experiences of respected scholars. Sextus uses Pyrrhonian Skeptical viewpoint in his analysis of knowledge, that is, the idea that one should suspend judgment about virtually all beliefs, neither affirming any belief as true nor deny any belief as false. This is based on the ideology that sense perception as no certain guide to objective reality (Malachowski 1993), that is, our senses and perceptions are subjective and should not stand as a guide to providing information. For example, If Man X tastes Honey to be Sweet, this knowledge or information is purely subjective and a mere opinion/experience of the observer and doesn’t actually say anything about the honey itself (Sheldon 1934) A more extreme form of Scepticism contends that nothing at all can be known. Drawing from the work of Carneades, this skeptical position asserts that people did not possess, and never could possess, any measure of truth (Macachowski 1993). Carneades argued that if truth could be obtained it would have to be based on reason, sensation, or coneption. Because each of these measures are interconnected and ultimately subjective and open to error, these measures would ultimately be disqualified for being a criterion for truth (Sheldon 1934) Given the rising ambiguities surrounding skepticism the problem that had now had been raised was how was one to accept any form of knowledge? Reiterating Carneades’ argument that one could not measure truth the criteria was flawed, thus how could one be sure about anything? Rene Descartes looked to address this crisis by introducing a new radical skeptical approach, far more different to any ideology before it. Coined ‘methodological Skepticism’, Descartes aimed at using skeptical arguments in order to establish a firm ground for knowledge and prove that knowledge was in fact found the mind, and not the external senses as suggested by previous skeptics . In his attempt to achieve this, Descartes, in his book Mediations, begins by inviting the reader to eliminate all beliefs that are open to doubt, he then poses two Key arguments. Firstly, he notes that in particular situations one may think that they are having a certain experience, but are in fact dreaming; thus in any given instance it is not possible to tell if one is not dreaming (Groshlz 2002). Secondly, He argues that there could exist an evil demon that makes on believe in false things (for example; 2+2 may really equal 5, however we believe it to be four) (Schroder 2005). The purpose of these arguments is not to follow on with a classical and/or extreme skeptical ideology asserting that it is impossible for one to know if anything exists but rather to lay a foundation that shows all knowledge through the senses are open to doubt (Pokin 1999). Descartes subsequent comments help elaborate his skeptical argument, he famously states; â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. let him deceive me as much as he can, he will never bring it about that I am nothing so long as I think that I am something. So after considering everything very thoroughly, I must finally conclude that this proposition, I am, I exist, is necessarily true whenever it is put forward by me or conceived in my mind. † (Descartes 1964-76 cited in Groshlz 2002) More commonly known as Cogito Ergo Sum or â€Å"I am thinking, therefore I am† (Schroder 2005), his identification of a certainty in his skeptical arguments is what makes methodological skepticism so significantly different. Descartes is able to reach a certainty, that is, the certainty of the mind, ‘any act of thinking implies the presence of a thinker, a person, and therefore self-knowledge of personal existence is certain’ (Groshlz 2002: 222). He goes on further to respond to classical skeptical thought (in relation to sensory perception), arguing that one does not actually perceive external objects directly, but rather through the contents of our mind, that is, we have only our impressions of things and not direct experience of things themselves (Malachowski 1993). To help illustrate this difference between these different ideologies of skepticism, if we go back to example of Man X’s experience of Honey, Descartes would argue that sweet qualities delivered by sense perception and imagination introduces knowledge about the object that make it so distinct. Thus, according to Descartes what really constitutes the honey is really thought and not the senses (Groshlz 2002). In looking back at all the information put forward it can be seen that there has been a clear distinction made between the ideologies of classical and methodological skepticism.

Bartelby Essay Example For Students

Bartelby Essay To eat or not to eat is the dilemma which is reiterated throughout Bartleby the Scrivener: A Story of Wall-Street. This same dilemma presents itself within the minds of the storys characters as well. Settings and characters reinforce the theme of food and feasting. Characters nicknames such as Turkey, Nippers, Mr. Cutlets, and Ginger-nut introduce this theme of food and nurishment. Smell of eating-housesp.1112 and having gentleness effects of beerp.1118, Turkey is descibed with metaphors of food. Food greatly affects the work habits of Turkey. In the morning, Turkey copies efficiently. However, after his habitual dinner drink and meal, he becomes drunk and blazed like a grate full of Christmas coalsp.1110; reinforcing Melvilles notion that food impacts his life and ability to work. Food to shows the close juxtaposition between food or eating habits and work. For instance, the narrator states, Of all the fiery afternoon blunders and flurried rashnesses of Turkey, was his once moistening a ginger-cake between his lips, and clapping it to a mortgage for a sealp.1113. Here, Melville is playing on the resemblance between these thin cookies and wax wafers used for sealing mortgages. Nippers is a character who is also described in part in terms of food. The narrator deemed him the victim of two evil powers ambition and indigestionThe indigestion seemed betokened in an occasional nervous testiness and grinning irritability, causing the teeth to audibly grind together over mistakes commited in copyingp.1111. Nippers work is affected by his eating habits. In fact, the schedule of the law office is organized around the workers eating habits. While Turkey works diligently in the morning, Nippers suffers from indigestion and is unable to perform in the morning; however, after lunch he recovers and completes his duties. Food and digestion are also important to the narrator and to Ginger-Nut. Ginger-Nuts position in the office is primarily based around food. Obviously his name reflects his interest or perhaps preocupation with foods such as nuts. If he is not consuming various kinds of nuts, his duty is as cake and apple purveyor for Turkey and Nippersp.1113. Often, when business is dull, Ginger-Nut is sent out for a cake one that is small, flat, round, and very spicy; a ginger-cake, the very item which he was named after. Just as the most important body part to Turkey, Nippers, and Ginger-Nut is their mouth, their boss, the lawyer and the narrator of the story, is also a man who takes oral pleasure in speaking with his mouth. He states that he was not unemployed in my profession by the late John Jacob Astor; a name which, I admit, I love to repeat, for it hath a rounded and orbicular sound to it and it rings like unto bullionp.1109. Melvilles consistent focus on the narrators preoccupation with speach supports the oral imagery included in the story. When the reader becomes enveloped with descriptions relating to mouths, the concept of food may enter his/her mind. The most unusual character in  the story is Bartleby, a man of singularly sedate an aspectp.1113. When Bartleby first arrives to work at the law firm, he an extraordinary quantity of writing. As if long famishing for something to copy, he seemed to gorge himself on my documents. There was no pause for digestionp.1114. Bartleby uncontrollably consumes his duties showing his desperation and excessive thirst for work. In fact, it is apparent that all the characters in the story have some hunger or craving. Because there is a hunger, there must be a character to fulfill the needs of the others. Such a role is occupied by the narrator/lawyer. All of the characters are living off of the lawyer. But, in fact, the narrator too lives off the other workers in the office. For Turkey and Nippers, the narrator feeds them full pay while they contribute only half of the labor assigned to them. All of the realtionships in the story involve a give and take. Not only is the give and take between Turkey and the lawyer based on Turkeys acceptance of his un-earned salary but also on his acceptance of an old coat. Turkey can not graciously accept the coat given to him by the lawyer without first reminding the lawyer that he is only accepting the gift because he previously gave th e lawyer stationary. .uf3ec2c953568f9ab91fd0985c383fe03 , .uf3ec2c953568f9ab91fd0985c383fe03 .postImageUrl , .uf3ec2c953568f9ab91fd0985c383fe03 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf3ec2c953568f9ab91fd0985c383fe03 , .uf3ec2c953568f9ab91fd0985c383fe03:hover , .uf3ec2c953568f9ab91fd0985c383fe03:visited , .uf3ec2c953568f9ab91fd0985c383fe03:active { border:0!important; } .uf3ec2c953568f9ab91fd0985c383fe03 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf3ec2c953568f9ab91fd0985c383fe03 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf3ec2c953568f9ab91fd0985c383fe03:active , .uf3ec2c953568f9ab91fd0985c383fe03:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf3ec2c953568f9ab91fd0985c383fe03 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf3ec2c953568f9ab91fd0985c383fe03 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf3ec2c953568f9ab91fd0985c383fe03 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf3ec2c953568f9ab91fd0985c383fe03 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf3ec2c953568f9ab91fd0985c383fe03:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf3ec2c953568f9ab91fd0985c383fe03 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf3ec2c953568f9ab91fd0985c383fe03 .uf3ec2c953568f9ab91fd0985c383fe03-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf3ec2c953568f9ab91fd0985c383fe03:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Room With A View Essay LoveThe lawyer refuses to take from others and acts, instead, as a primary caregiver. The narrator supports Bartleby as he spoils him by attempting to give him extra money, a place to live, and food through the grub-man. The lawyer begins to see that his purpose is fulfilling Bartlebys needs. He becomes his frternal figure. He soon lives to benefit Bartleby, and sheild him form rude persecutionpg.1131. Such immense attempts to protect Bartleby show him that the narrator is posing as his brother. However, Bartleby begins to deny his boss requests. After all, a baby is not expected to have to work in order to be fed by his mother. To punish the lawyer, Bartlebys nurturing sibling, Bartleby denies himself food. Such a tactic inflames the narrators or his brothers guilt. As Bartleby, the son, is denied love and acceptance, he denies himself nourishment by refusing to eat. When Bartleby finds no gratification in the world, he lies on his side, his head touching the cold stonep.1133 and dies alone in solitude.